Impressions After Reading Jane Eyre Essay

Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, was met with great enthusiasm and became one of the best sellers since it was published in October 1847. The story of Jane Eyre takes place in northern England in the early to mid-19th Century. It starts as the ten-year-old Jane, a plain but unyielding child, is excluded by her Aunt Reed from the domestic circle around the hearth and bullied by her handsome but unpleasant cousins. Under the suggestion of Mr. Lloyd, an apothecary that sympathizes Jane, Mrs. Reed sends Jane to Lowood Institution operated by a hypocritical Evangelicalist, Mr.  Brocklehurst, who chastises Jane in front of the class and calls her a liar. At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Burns, whose strong attitude towards the school’s miseries helps Jane a lot. Also, she is taken under the wing of the superintendent, Miss Temple. After spending eight years at Lowood, six as a student and two as a teacher, she accepts a governess position to teach a loverly French girl named Adele at Thornfield, where she falls secretly in love with the garden’s owner, Rochester, a man with a warm heart despite a cold face outside. However, fate decides to play a joke on Jane. On the wedding day , as Jane and Rochester prepare to exchange their vows, Jane is being told that Rochester has a legal wife, Bertha Mason. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield. Penniless and hungry, Jane is taken by Rivers siblings Mary, Diana and St. John. , who live in a manor called Moor House. Jane happily accepts the offer of teaching at St. John’s school. She later learns that the Rivers siblings are actually her cousins and that she has inherited from her under a vast fortune, which she divides among her new family. At that time, St. John is about to go on missionary work in India and repeatedly asks Jane to accompany him as his wife. One night, when she is about to accept St. John, Jane experiences a mystical connection with Rochester, and she decides to seek him out at Thornfield. She discovers that the estate has been burned down by Bertha, who died in the fire, and that Rochester, who was blinded in the incident, lives nearby. Jane goes to him at once, at there they get married. The development of Jane Eyre’s character is central to the novel. From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-worth and dignity, a commitment to justice and principle, a trust in God, and a passionate disposition. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of herself so as to find contentment. An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and ostracized at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere. Thus Jane says to Helen Burns: â€Å"To gain some real affection from you, or Miss Temple, or any other whom I truly love, I would willingly submit to have the bone of my arm broken, or to let a bull toss me, or to stand behind a kicking horse, and let it dash its hoof at my chest†. This desire tempers her equally intense need for autonomy and freedom. Her fear of losing her autonomy motivates her refusal of Rochester’s marriage proposal. Jane believes that â€Å"marrying† Rochester while he remains legally tied to Bertha would mean rendering herself a mistress and sacrificing her own integrity for the sake of emotional feelings. On the other hand, her life at Moor House tests her in the opposite manner. There, she enjoys economic independence and engages in worthwhile and useful work, teaching the poor; yet she lacks emotional sustenance. Although St. John proposes marriage, offering her a partnership built around a common purpose, Jane realizes their marriage would remain loveless and that this kind of freedom would constitute a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions would be always in check. Nonetheless, the events of Jane’s stay at Moor House are necessary tests of Jane’s autonomy. Only after proving her self-sufficiency to herself can she marry Rochester and not be dependent upon him as her â€Å"master. † Edward Rochester, despite his stern manner and not particularly handsome appearance, wins Jane’s heart, because he is the first person in the novel to offer Jane lasting love and a real home. Although Rochester is Jane’s social and economic superior, and although men were widely considered to be naturally superior to women in the Victorian period, Jane is Rochester’s intellectual equal. As Jane says: â€Å"I am my husband’s life as fully as he is mine. To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. We are precisely suited in character—perfect concord is the result†. Rochester regrets his former libertinism and lustfulness, nevertheless, he has proven himself to be weaker in many ways than Jane. St. John Rivers provides the most typical model of Christian behavior. He is a Christianity of ambition, glory, and extreme self-importance. St.  John urges Jane to sacrifice her emotional deeds for the fulfillment of her moral duty, offering her a way of life that would require her to be disloyal to her own self. But Jane ends up with rejecting to sacrifice passion for principle, which doesn’t mean she abandons a belief in God. Jane ultimately finds a comfortable middle ground. For Jane, religion helps curb immoderate passions, and it spurs one on to worldly efforts and achievements. These achievements include full self-knowledge and complete faith in God. Mr. Brocklehurst, the cruel, hypocritical master of the Lowood School, illustrates the dangers and hypocrisies that Charlotte Bronte perceived in the nineteenth-century Evangelical movement. Mr. Brocklehurst adopts the rhetoric of Evangelicalism when he claims to be purging his students of pride, but his method of subjecting them to various privations and humiliations, like when he orders that the naturally curly hair of one of Jane’s classmates be cut so as to lie straight, is entirely un-Christian. Of course, Brocklehurst’s proscriptions are difficult to follow, and his hypocritical support of his own luxuriously wealthy family at the expense of the Lowood students shows Bronte’s criticism to the Evangelical movement. Helen Burns is Jane’s close friend at the Lowood School. She endures her miserable life there with a passive dignity that Jane cannot understand. she believes that justice will be found in God’s ultimate judgment—God will reward the good and punish the evil. Jane, on the other hand, is unable to have such blind faith. Her quest is for love and happiness in this world. Nevertheless, she counts on God for support and guidance in her search. Throughout the novel, Charlotte Bronte may have created the character of Jane Eyre to voice her then-radical opinions. Much evidence suggests that Bronte, too, struggled to find the right balance between moral duty and earthly pleasure, between obligation to her spirit and attention to her body. She hold the opinion that every spirit is independent, though there are differences in social class, in property and also in appearance. Jane Eyre is critical of Victorian England’s strict social system. Bronte’s exploration of personal equalty is perhaps the novel’s most important theme. I would like to use my favorite words that Jane once said to Rochester to end my article: Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong! —I have as much soul as you—and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.

Macbeth’s change in charcter

This essay will outline the main influences on Macbeth's character. I will highlight the differences in this personality and how dramatically his character changes and why he chose to act as he did. In order to do this, I have to look at the play from other critical aspects. I have a great advantage also as I attended â€Å"Macbeth† at Crumlin Road Gaol on November 2nd 2007. This advanced my knowledge and understanding of the play. I will analyse the transition in Macbeth's character from an apparent heroic position to that of a merciless tyrant, corrupted by forces both within, and beyond, his control. Macbeth is first seen as a heroic worthy character in the play. This is shown through the language Shakespeare uses also when King Duncan first refers to him saying: â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentle man.† (Act 1 scene 2 L24) King Duncan says this as he hears the good news of the battle. He has found out that Macbeth has fought valiantly against his enemies and rewards him with this new title. In Act One Scene Two Line 1, we receive the first indication that violence is going to be integrated into the plot and we see this later through the violent actions of Macbeth. Even Duncan himself alludes to the violent implications of the play when he says: â€Å"What bloody man is that?† (Act1 Scene2 L1) From this statement there is perhaps a hint that Duncan will be killed later in the play. The murder of a King in Jacobean England was considered a crime against nature and the Gods. Shakespeare believed in ‘The Divine Right' of Kings and therefore Macbeth's deeds later in Act Two of the play, would be considered shameful and treasonous. Also, Shakespeare was writing a play about a Scottish King in order to impress his own monarch; James I. Macbeth is seen to be well-respected and admired by King Duncan at the beginning of the play, as his King refers to him as: â€Å"Noble Macbeth† (Act1 Scene3 L68) Macbeth's character begins to change when the witches chant. â€Å"All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cowdow.† (Act1 Scene3 L48) This makes Macbeth fear for the future and also makes him curious and later obsessed with gaining more knowledge from these witches. The question of how much the witches influence his mind is clearly debatable, but there is no doubt that they plant ‘the seeds' of regicide within Macbeth's mind. This is first shown through Banquo, as he says: â€Å"Good sir, why do you start and seem to fear things that sound so fair?† (Act1 Scene3 L49-50) This is also evident, when Macbeth says: â€Å"Stay you imperfect speakers, tell me more,† (Act1 Scene3 L68) This is when his obsession and thirst for power and glory, actually begins. This curiosity overwhelms him and so from this, we gather that the witches influence him and get it into his head that he should become king. How much was Macbeth responsible? I personally feel that he certainly has to take some responsibility for his actions, although he was certainly influenced by forces beyond his understanding. Lady Macbeth plays a leading role in influencing Macbeth, her husband, to turn the way he did. She does this by stinging his manhood, especially when she says: â€Å"When you durst do it, then you were a man. And to be more that what you were, you would be so much more of a man.† (Act 1 Scene7 L49-51) We see here that Macbeth allows himself to be manipulated by his wife who insidiously attacks his manhood and we see here the power that she exercises over her husband which proves that she is a major influence on his character. We see this further (following the murder of Duncan) when she chastises him for taking the daggers from the place remarking: â€Å"Why did you bring these daggers from the place? They must lie there, go carry them and smear the sleepy grooms with blood.† (Act2 Scene 2 L51-5.) Here Lady Macbeth is ordering her husband to do what she says and so we believe that she is a motivating factor in her husband's fate- driving Macbeth to kill his king. Macbeth's character is clearly changing at this point in the play and he is seen to have changed significantly from the image of the ‘noble Macbeth.' Even the witches refer to him as â€Å"wicked:† â€Å"By the pricking of my thumbs something wicked this way comes.† (Act4 Scene1 L44-5) This proves that Macbeth has changed; this is a very significant part in the play. Even Macbeth's language changes throughout as he once spoke courteously to people, for example when he is made the ‘Thane of Cawdor' he politely greets Ross and Angus by saying â€Å"I thank you, gentlemen† (Act1Scene3L47) Later, in Act Four, he dramatically changes; as yet again he refers to the witches as:† Midnight hags!† (Act4 Scene1 L47) He also insults them by calling them: â€Å"Filthy.† (Act4 Scene1 L114) Macbeth begins to hallucinate, due to guilt and remorse. This begins during the dagger speech and surfaces again during the banquet scene when he sees the spirit of Banquo, whom he killed out of pure selfishness and paranoia. He thinks he sees Banquo even though he is dead, thus leading us to believe that Macbeth has gone completely mad: â€Å"Thou art too like the sprit of Banquo† (Act 4 Scene1 L11) â€Å"For the blood-bolter'd Banquo smiles upon me,† (Act4 Scene1 L 122.) By him saying: â€Å"blood-bolter'd,† (meaning covered in clotted blood) we are led to believe that he is seeing him as he did when he killed him. Macbeth is therefore unbalanced and, following the murder of Banquo, he continues to show signs of madness and desire for power, believing that he cannot be killed and that anyone who attacks or threatens him must also be killed, as he says: â€Å"I must fight the course. What's he that was not born of woman? Such a one am I to fear, of none,† (Act5 Scene7 L1) In the end, Macbeth has changed very much and is no longer the man that Duncan referred to as â€Å"Noble Macbeth.† He is now just like the murderous traitor known as the â€Å"Thane of Cowdor.† The main influences on his character are that he was driven to greed and power because of his own selfishness and also by listening to the lies of the Witches and Lady Macbeth. The play is particularly effective because it is a lesson to all of us about what power does to an individual, if he seeks to ignore his own moral values and principles. This was brought clearly to my attention when I experienced the play in performance and personally acted out various scenes from the play, which is clearly what Shakespeare intended for his audience. Clodagh Mc Henry Creative End of para 1. For weeks now the Free-Staters have been waging a ferocious war against the ‘irregulars', which brings back terrible memories of the previous war with the ‘Auxies' and the ‘Black and Tans'. De Valera was right when he said that the ‘Volunteers would have to wade through Irish blood'- this is exactly what is happening in Ireland at present. Para 4 -What is this tragic news which I must impart to you? It all happened on Friday last. I was ordered to mount a rooftop and patrol an area near to ‘The Four Courts.' A fierce gun-fight ensued ,resulting in the loss of several men from my unit. Then I took a hit from a sniper, hidden deep within the darkness of a roof-top opposite. I didn't even look to see if I recognized the insurgent. I shot back at him immediately and the perpetrator fell to the ground, stiff. Lifeless. Dead. The blood was oozing from my right forearm. . . Then the guilt set it and, * and the thought that I had killed someone so close to me. There is no telling what a man might do in a desperate situation; in times of war we do the most awful things to one another. Seamus and I were so close and in that one brief second, everything we meant to one another was shattered! How could this happen? My world is at an end!

Book Emperor Of The Air English Literature Essay

Book Emperor Of The Air English Literature Essay Throughout many of his stories in his book â€Å"Emperor of the Air† author Ethan Canin explores the theme of happiness in relation to his characters. Depending on which source one uses, happiness ranges from the â€Å"quality or state of being happy† to â€Å"a state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy† and according to the Oxford English Dictionary â€Å"Good fortune or luck in life or in a particular affair; success, prosperity†. Based on this, happiness is subjective to the individual. Every story in the book deals with the theme in its various forms but the three pieces I will examine each deal with this subject and its various definitions in their own ways, and I feel are the best representations of â€Å"happiness†. In his second story â€Å"The Year of Getting to Know Us† Canin introduces the idea of happiness directly and very matter-of-factly. Canin first questions the happiness of Lenny while he is at the counselors when he is asked â€Å"You sound as if you don’t want to let people near youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Right?† and Lenny responds with â€Å"I’m a reasonably happy man† (Canin 26). After reading this, we get a sense that maybe Lenny is lying, that he is holding something back. How can someone be happy, going through what he has, and will continue to go through? The events that are explained further in the story: his fathers death and his wife’s affair, impose on this question further. On the very next page Lenny goes on to talk about his life saying â€Å"I am struck by the good fortune of my life† (Canin, 1988). Perhaps Lenny truly is happy, as he early states an exact definition of the word in his thought of â€Å"good fortune†. Despite all that has happened in his life, he remains optimistic, and believes himself to be happy, and maybe he is. The opposition to Lenny’s apparent happiness is the nearly consta nt â€Å"nagging† he receives questioning his emotions and ability to feel anything at all. Canin mentions such an instance immediately after mentioning Lenny’s good fortune in life when he states â€Å"Anne says that I don’t feel things† (Canin 27). Lenny never questions whether or not if he is able to â€Å"feel†, but also never goes out of his way to show any emotion other than stating that he is indeed happy. Even after witnessing his wife’s affair firsthand, the only way Lenny can express himself is by writing down on a napkin â€Å"you are a 40 year old man with no children and your wife is having an affair† (Canin, 1988). Lenny’s apparent lack of any emotion that would come naturally to anyone in the same circumstance is quite intriguing and leaves the reader questioning his feelings, if he has any. Another moment where Lenny’s feelings are under fire comes when he is a child and his mother asks him if he is angry and he responds with â€Å"I don’t know† (Canin, 1988). This shows the reader that even though he was young, Lenny was indecisive about his feelings, and whether or not he felt anything. Canin leaves the decision of whether or not this character is happy or if he can feel, up to the reader.

Organisational Behaviour in an Engineering Company Case Study

Organisational Behaviour in an Engineering Company - Case Study Example In 2009, Ronald retired and Christine took over as Managing Director. The company had gone through rough weather with an impact on profits though there had been no reduction of staff. Markets had stagnated and certain conditions had reduced the need for new grain silos. Christine’s vision was one of economic survival through expansion and diversification based on the existing competencies of the company. Existing resources may be made available for diversification projects without an increase in the outlay of the company. An understanding of Christine from the standpoint of Maslow’s model brings out the fact that she is keen to prove her capabilities. Recognition from colleagues and her peer group, she is keen to show her individual ability to manage new important projects without consulting employees who can add value to her decisions. She tries to get involved in projects that will bring her into the limelight and feed her need for prestige and status. She is at the Ego stage of the hierarchy. This is the reason she prefers to take independent decisions and shares information on a piecemeal basis. She has adopted a Directive style of leadership with the expectation that output will be produced on the strength of her communication. She derives power from her status of leader and expects staff behaviour to mould itself on the strength of monetary incentives that she introduces to enthuse the staff. There has been a shared sense of pride in the objective of the company. This is brought out by, Dobson’s statement of pride in producing silos for farmers of the country. Dobson is upset that nobody asked about his willingness to manage a new challenge since he is used to being involved in key decisions about the company. Dobson is conscious of his seniority and is used to being consulted as brought out in the comment about his age and  experience with the company.  

Commodity Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Commodity Trade - Essay Example Topic Page No. Figure 1. China Imports and its Trends from year 1980-2007 5 Figure 2. China Exports and its Trends from year 1980-2007 5 Figure 3. China net trade of rice, wheat and corn, 1961-2008 6 Figure 4 China’s Grain Exports from 2008-2010 7 Figure 5 Grain Consumption in China 8 Figure 6 Global Grain Prices 11 1. Introduction: There was a time three decades ago when China had a negligible role in the world trade. However, the situation has significantly altered over the years and now the country has improved its performance and is considered as one of the largest exporters in the world. The country also imports considerably products like raw materials, halfway contributions, and others. The growth of the country in the recent years with respect to trade has created significant challenges for the other countries in the world. Demands of materials in the country has significant impacts on the other countries that has also been felt with the deceleration in China’s i ndustrial production in the middle of the 2008-2009 global economic crisis contributing to a remarkable collapse in the prices of commodities (Feenstra & Wei, 2009, p.1). In the present times, there has been a steep rise in the prices of the different commodities. Considering commodities like the grains, rise in demand has been experienced with the rising incomes in countries like India and China. Several factors associated with the trade policies of the country can be realized to have significant effects on the imports and exports of grains. The production of grains including wheat, flour, rice, and others are largely dependent on the world market that is associated with a country’s imports and exports (Ensuring the UK’s Food Security in a Changing World, 2008). The present study reflects on the emerging nations participating in the global financial markets through import and export mechanisms and thus having an impact on the commodities. In this case China has been c onsidered and grains have been chosen as the commodity for the purpose of the study on the impact of the country’s imports and exports on the commodity. 1.1. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study is to understand the impacts of the trade policies of emerging nations on different commodities considering China as the nation and grains as the commodity. 1.2. Objectives: In order to achieve the aim of the study, the following objectives have been considered: To learn about the trade policies- imports and exports- of China, considering grains as the commodity chosen for the study. To discuss about the major importers and exporters of grain. To learn about the international price of grains and their agricultural policies in the market. To try to determine the impacts of China’s participation in global financial markets through exports and imports on the grains commodity. 2. China Imports and Exports: An Overview: Over the recent years, the imports and exports of China have increased with the total value of the exports and imports being recorded as USD 2.174 trillion in the year 2007. The total value of imports has been recorded at USD 956 billion in 2007 that reflected an increase of 25 percent on a yearly average. This has been possible owing to the living standards of the citizens of the country being rising over the years (China import and export trends, 2011). The imports and trends of the country can be represented through the following graph: Figure 1: China Imports and its Trends from year

Virtual Reality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Virtual Reality - Research Paper Example These applications range from educational to health systems. However, the technology also has harbored some disadvantages due to its application. This paper delves into the topic of Virtual Reality. It examines some of its uses, its disadvantages as well as challenges that hinder its effective application. Introduction Virtual reality is a three-dimensional environment. One can only view it on a computer screen or through special goggles. Besides, one can relate with the virtual world as if one is part of it using specially designed equipment (Owens, 2010). According to Isdale (1993), virtual reality is a means for individuals to manipulate, interact and visualize with extremely complex data and computers. In this case, visualization part talks about the computer producing auditory, visual or other sensual outputs to a human being within the computer. This world could be a scientific simulation, a view into a database, or a CAD model. Conversely, the user can relate with the world an d directly and control objects within the world. In addition, other processes like simple animation scripts or physical simulations animate some worlds. With virtual reality, there is a likelihood of custom-designed while the three-dimensional environments permit instinctive â€Å"transparent† boundaries such that the computer interface is imperceptible to the user. In addition, virtual reality allows for considerably improved three-dimensional perception and interaction over conventional three-dimensional computer graphics because of its interaction capabilities and three-dimensional display (Bryson, 1996). On the other hand, VR can also be useful in an advanced user interface to three-dimensional simulation models in simulation terms (Barnes, 1996). Moreover, there are various fields in which VR applications have significant potential including medicine, industry, education and training, commerce, entertainment industry, scientific research and the space. On the other hand, to make innovations that use VR technology effective, there should be a thorough exploration. However, VR is still immature both as a technology and as a field of research. As a result, there should be considerable research to be done to realize the full potential of VR (Barrett, 2004). This is the reason the electronic and computer engineers are pursuing new ways of improving the virtual reality experience. Presently, computer and electronic scientists and engineers are developing a system that will incorporate the sense of taste (Lee, 2011). Applications and equipment for Virtual Reality Several technologies are requisite for the creation of a virtual world each of which, have advanced technologically and independently. The heart of virtual reality is a combination of software, hardware and electronics. These three computers related technologies merge to make virtual reality work. In addition, three imperatives are essential to help virtual reality work including special software , the individual user and a computer. Moreover, there are several input devices to improve the virtual reality experience and enable it to work. These input devices help in recording, measuring electronic signals, and converting them into a physical world. On the other hand, the output devices allow the user's brain to process the computer-generated physical world created. However, the reality engine is the main power of a virtual reality system. This engine helps create the virtual world and process information. It comprises either a group of computers or one powerful computer because the reality engine is supposed to create complex graphics (Lee, 2011). However, the virtual reali

American Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Foreign Policy - Essay Example This form of power is often employed by a country having more economic and military power over its subject. This form of power is usually achieved by use of rewards such as economic inducements, promises of military support and alliances or through threats of punishment such as economic sanctions, coercive diplomacy and military interventions. The article ‘The Practice of Foreign Policy† clearly illustrates the concept of hard power adopted by the U.S. government over the past few years. The article brings to light the growing number of countries that have at one time or another experienced intrusion or use of hard power by the U.S. government. It highlights the growing discontent among countries such as Syria over president Obama’s wayward policies. In addition, the article analyses America’s stance towards war and use of diplomacy (â€Å"The Practice of Foreign Policy† 1). The U.S has been accused of spying Brazil and other countries, which basicall y is a form of hard power. The armed forces are described as â€Å"peerless†, illustrating hard power. In Syria, the U.S. government considered the possibility of a military assault following the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian president. However, this move was voted down by the Congress. This illustrates use of hard power. The U.S. ... government has specific interest in oil, Islamic terrorism, Israel and Iran. The U.S. government has placed a number of sanctions on Iran over its nuclear power program. This illustrates hard power (â€Å"The Practice of Foreign Policy† 2). Soft power as earlier described is a situation whereby a country uses persuasive tactics such as co-opting with other countries in order to influence their interests or behavior. Soft power is becoming more and more common in the world today. The article suggests that through developing good strategies and implementing them, the Obama administration can restore confidence and win back people. Soft power can also be enhanced by use of diplomacy. The number of diplomats ought to be increased as well as taking interest in their recommendations (â€Å"The Practice of Foreign Policy† 2). The article â€Å"Making up; Soft Power† illustrates use of hard power. The U.S. invasion of Iraq in the fight against al-Qaeda has been termed as use of hard power. The U.S. government used raw power in an effort to crush the outlawed group. The America’s interest was to fight terrorism. The U.S government has been criticized on many occasions for meddling with the Middle East, yet, it does so little to solve underlying problems. In Libya, the U.S. government exercised hard power by ousting the then president Muammar Qaddaffi from power. The U.S. has interest in humanitarian welfare following Muammar’s threats to kill innocent civilians. The article also raises concerns over the U.S. government’s widespread spying by the NSA. Spying illustrates use of hard power. In 2003, the U.S, invaded Iraq. Its interest was twofold; arresting proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and show of power or might (â€Å"Making up; Soft Power† 1). The

Analysis Of Harry Potter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis Of Harry Potter - Essay Example Interpretation in this context would imply an explanation or way of explaining, for instance, something that is open to a number of interpretations. Therefore, the discussion follows the following structure,ReceptionThe reception section of the Harry Potter and Fandom primarily entail the literary criticism based on British editions of the Seven Harry Potter books.Demand Thegreatdemandfor Harry Potter book motivated the New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for children’s literature min 2000, just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. By June 2000, Rowling’s novel had been on the list for 79 weeks with the first three books each being on the hardcover best-seller list. By April 2007, Barnes and the Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record with over 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, with 8.5 million, which was then shattered by Half-Blooded Prince with 10. 8 million copies. Awards Honors and Recognition Harry Potters work has received various awards, honors, and recognition. The Harry Potter series have been the recipients of a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher’s Stone encompassing four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards, Andal-were granted in 2011. Harry Potter honors include a commendation of for the Carnegie Medal (1997) and a short listing of the Guardian Children’s Award (1998). Factors for Criticisms

Islamic ceramics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islamic ceramics - Essay Example This is in part has been attributed to the influence of science and technology in ceramics and pottery traditions which coincided with the scientific renaissance of the 10th and 11th centuries (Fehervari, 2000). The innovation of the period mark not only the development of the craft but give insights to how cultural and scientific development impact society together. Islamic ceramics and pottery have been traced to the 8th century, developing in key Middle Eastern civilization centers such as Iraq, Persia and Syria. Excavation indicated that most artifacts from the period were mainly utilitarian and had only used basic glazing methods. However, by the late 8th and the early 9th century, the glazing became a common practice and there was significantly increase in artistic competencies which included the introduction of lusterware production. Excavations in Basra, Damascus and Fustat show intricate ceramic painted walls using blue as a predominant color, a traditional that will eventually be a characteristic of Islamic ceramics and pottery. According to Lane (1947), the Abbasid dynasty, early supporters of Mohammed and Islam, utilized ceramics and pottery as a means to promote their political power as well as the religion, which became the foundation of the concept of an â€Å"Islamic† tradition of pottery. The period also provides documentation on the trade with China which is major influence to artisans. Aside from trade, there was also an exchange in technology and styles which reached a high during the Seljuk dynasty with the arrival of the Mongol invasion but which subsequently declined with the decline of the Mongol Empire. This level of interaction would only be augmented once more in the 15th century peaking during the Tang dynasty (Meri & Bacharach, 2005; Fehervari, 2000). One of the key features of Islamic ceramics and pottery is in the use of glazes which allowed artisans to create an opaque, metallic-like finish to

MANAGING INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MANAGING INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY - Essay Example In-fact, the operational efficiency of the company largely owes due to the application of advanced technologies in its various operational sections. Hence, owing to this aspect, the statement or the assumption of Carr can be contradicted up to a larger extent. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Company’s Profile in the Industry 5 Competitive Environment of the Global Retail Industry (Porter Five Forces Analysis) 6 Bargaining Power of the Buyers 7 Bargaining Power of the Suppliers 7 Threat of New Entrants 7 Thereat of Substitutes 8 Intensity of Rivalry 8 Role of Information System in Tesco PLC 9 Analysis and Conclusion 11 Analysis 11 Conclusion 13 References 15 Introduction In today’s business scenario, the success and failure of any sort of business depends mainly upon various deciding factors that impose considerable influence on the operations. These factors may be related to customers’ perceptions and their level of satisfaction among others. These ar e often regarded as major determinants of the overall organisational success. In this regard, the role of information technology (IT) has become quite crucial, acting as a major element in enhancing the operational efficiency of the business. ... It is one of those elements, which is extensively available and any company can adopt the same. Hence, it cannot be regard as a tool to gain competitive advantage. To analyse this statement of Carr in an in-depth manner, this paper will evaluate the role of IT in organisations with the help of taking an organisation named Tesco as an example. Accordingly, the statement of Carr can be contradicted or supported on the basis of the analysis made over the organisation. Company’s Profile in the Industry As per the discussion of Nicholas Carr, the presence of information technology (IT) in business does not make any difference in the overall performance of the business. According to Carr, this is owing to the fact that IT is easily accessible for each and every company in their operation and hence it cannot be implemented as a tool for gaining competitive advantage. In order to get a comprehensive understanding in this regard and analysing the statement of Carr, considering the exam ple of Tesco will be quite vital. Tesco is regarded as one of the leading grocery and merchandise retailers throughout the world, which has its operational headquarter in the United Kingdom. In terms of profit earning, the company is regarded as the second largest operator of the world next to Wal-Mart. It has widespread operations throughout the world and it performs various operational functions in a large scale. In the present day context, the company possess greater percentage of market share in the global retail industry. The large scale operations of the company can be apparently depicted from the fact that it currently employs more than 530,000 people all over the world. Observably, one of the major reasons for the

Problem Solution Paper Essay Example for Free

Problem Solution Paper Essay After assessing my LASSI test scores, I’ve learned that I need some improvement in my study habits. To name a few, some of my strengths are concentration, motivation, and selecting main ideas, however, my weak areas such as information processing, study aids, and time management all were right on target. I’ve always had problems with studying something that I did not understand, therefore it would frustrate me and I would not spend much time on it. I am currently struggling with this problem in my English 111 class because it is hard to process what I am reading in the textbook. In addition to that I am a full time general manager at a restaurant and it is very demanding, working long hours and then trying to come home and study, I am forced to cram my school work in on my off days because I am very tired. I really feel that if I do not come up with better time management skills and stop cramming my work that my short-term problem academically will be that I turn in below average assignments or not even meet deadlines. My long-term problem will be that I fail my class and lose my financial aid, so I will definitely put more effort into a solution. My problem is time-management and the three solutions that I have researched and think would be a good fit for me are 1. Blocks of study times and breaks. [www.studygs.net/timman.htm-time management] The advantage of this solution is that I would have time set aside to study with the option to take a break so I want get to tired. The disadvantage of this is I might take a break and never come back to it because of other distractions such as tv, cellphone, fatigue, etc. Secondly, review planner weekly. [www.studygs.net/timman.htm-time management] I would be able to review planner and know when test and deadlines are do for papers. The disadvantage would be, if I’m not consistent with logging things in the planner I could forget about something. Lastly, the third solution would be to stay healthy, schedule rest.  The advantage of this would be that I would be well rested and rejuvenated to tackle my scheduled task, and disadvantage would be that I get home at 5pm sometimes and if I take a nap I will not be able to recover from that. I feel that the best solution would be to set aside time to study and take breaks if needed and I will use this strategy with my English 111 class.

Australian Paper Manufacturers Essay Example for Free

Australian Paper Manufacturers Essay Introduction The case deals with the Australian Paper industry in 1990, the major players operating in it and how the environment is throwing up challenges to its major players and shaping the future growth of the industry. The paper industry in Australia can be separated into three categories Newsprint, Paperboards and Fine paper. The industry is dominated by two big players namely the PCA and Australian Paper Manufacturer (APM) and the rest catered to by imports. PCA operates in the fine paper market enjoying a 75% market share, while APM is a leading player in the paperboards segment. Both the companies are part of a huge diversified parent organization. Environment regulations from the government, green peace activists have been recently posing threats to PCA on organochloride emissions. APM is proactively seeking to strive ahead of the environmental issues facing the industry. Ken McRae, the GM of APM has to decide on three alternatives to choose upon for utilizing the A$ 50 million allocated by the parent company Amcor, keeping in view the Financial, Strategic, Ethical and Environmental issues. Case Facts Before 1987, the Australian paper industry was divided into three companies. Australian Newsprint Mills supplied newsprint, Australian Paper Manufacturers produced paperboard, and Paper Company of Australia produced coated and uncoated fine-papers. All three of those companies were subsidiaries of major Australian corporations. Maitland sales, which owned Paper Company of Australia (PCA), recorded $495 million in net sales. Amcor Limited, which owned Australian Paper Manufacturers (APM), grossed $2.4 billion in net sales. APM decided to enter another aspect of the paper industry and dive into uncoated fine papers. They figured that they could draw on their strength in paperboard manufacturing. The making of fine paper or paper in general requires close attention to detail. The first step in making paper requires the wood to be pulped. This process refined the wood so that only the fibers remained. During pulping, the cellulose fibers were separated from the other components so it could be processed further. This process can be done in two different ways, mechanically or chemically. The chemical process produces much sturdier pulp, but unlike mechanical pulping, which uses 90-95% of the wood, chemical pulping uses 45-50%. Chemical pulping is also the least environmentally friendly of the two. When the fibers are made into fine paper, it goes through an immediate step called bleaching, where as chlorine gas and chlorine dioxide are applied to the pulp. After bleaching, chemicals such as, rosin, aluminium sulphate, or synthetics to reduce absorbency for writing papers. The annual consumption of fine paper in Australia rose to nearly 358,000 tonnes in 1987. Uncoated fine paper, such as photocopy paper, stationary, and offset printing paper, comprised 52% of that market, while coated fine paper, the type used in an annual report, comprised of the rest. In 1984 APM completed a a $163 million modernization of its kraft pulp plant in Maryvale, Victoria. The improvement added 140000 tonnes per year of kraft pulp capacity, bringing the Maryvale plant’s total output to 350000 tonnes per year. The Maryvale plant had four paper machines and in 1986 APM turned its attention to Paper Machine 3.Originally built in 1972 to produce brown shopping bags Machine 3 had a capacity of 31,000 tonnes per year. By the mid 1980s, though people had stopped using these checkout bags and between Machines 1 and 2 the company could cover demand. This left Machine 3 ripe for transformation. APM seized the opportunity, upgraded machine 3 and used it to take them into the heart of PCAs fine-papers market. People in the plant were convinced that it could be done and that their years of experience in making bag paper could be adapted to such a closely allied process. A number of trial runs were made in order to determine the general viability of the idea. Once it was proven feasible, APM sanctioned the investment. Between May 1986 and July 1987 APM spent A$50 million to rebuild Maryvale’s Machine 3, converting it from making bag paper to producing white wood free paper. The upgrading of Machine 3 had not only put APM next to PCA as the second domestic supplier of uncoated fine paper. It also made APM the owner of Australia’s largest and most technologically advanced fine paper machine. The 70,000 tonnes per year of Machine 3 capacity gave APM the product it needed to steal from imports-the company’s primary goal in entering the fine paper market. Customers had been accustomed to buying some of their paper from PCA and some from overseas but PCA had not kept pace with the growth in demand. Although aiming to replace imports, McRae, director marketing for APM papers group at the time, knew his toughest job lay in establishing APM’s fine papers amid a market dominated by PCA. In August 1987, APM inaugurated its move into the fine papers market. McRae developed a careful paln for ramping up to full capacity on Maryvale 3.APM intended to be producing at 40,000 tonnes annual rate by august 1988, starting with three crews working Monday through Friday and eventually moving to four and then five crews. Like all of Maryvale’s other paper machines, Machine 3 would eventually operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. By August 1988, Maryvale Machine 3 was producing at a rate of 50,000 tonnes per year and by March 1989 it had reached its capacity of 70,000 tonnes per year. In May 1989 APM introduced its newest entry in the fine papers market, ReRight. It was Australia’s first stationery paper made from 100% recycled paper- post- recycled paper that was produced without chemicals and was neither de-inked nor bleached. The World Wildlife endorsed ReRight and the product generated significant interest and publicity. Despite ReRight’s higher cost it grabbed a 3% market share (7,000 tonnes per year) of the uncoated fine papers market. To recoup its research and development expense, APM charged 20% more for ReRight than for comparable, non recycled paper. ReRight’s immediate acceptance inspired APM to introduce ReRight-Form in the spring of 1990, a recycled computer paper. While APM expanded its recycling efforts PCA suffered yet another blow on the environmental front. Greenpeace released a surprise report on PCA’s Kayser soda pulp mill on the coast of Tasmania, declaring it the dirtiest mill of its type in Australia. It found Kayser discharging 11.5 tonnes of organochlorides per day into the sea, at times reaching a level 80% above government standards. It also decried the presence of chloroform a cancer causing agent, in the effluent and cited it as a health risk to PCA’s workers. The environmental group called upon the government to monitor the mill’s effluent levels more closely and demanded that the company reduce its discharge of organochlorines to a maximum of one kilogram per tonne of pulp. It also recommended complete elimination of organochlorine discharges by 1993 and asked the government to review employees’ medical records to search for abnormal incidence of cancers attributable to oraganochlorines such as chloroform. Future Scenario Encouraged by APM’s success Amcor had provided A$50 million to APM to consolidate yhe investment that had carried it into fine papers, though a pre-tax return of at least 20% was expected. While larger sums could always be requested, it was understood that larger sums required more attractive returns-as had been the case when APM originally entered the market by upgrading Machine 3. Further expansion into fine papers loomed as a possibility. Copier paper alone promised 10% annual growth and recycled paper continued to grow in popularity. The uncoated fine papers market as whole was projected to grow at a rate of 6.5% annually through the year 2000. Now, McRae had the following options for the capital budget: 1) The capacity of Machine 3 at Maryvale could be expanded upto 100,000 tonnes. Initial estimates put the cost of increasing from the existing capacity of 70,000 tonnes at A$35 million. McRae would have to decide how he would use this extra capacity. Analysis of option 1- 2) APM was producing 7,000 tonnes of recycled paper at its Fairfield plant and increasing capacity would cost A$18 million. Analysis of option 2- 3) In addition to APM’s recycling efforts, McRae focused on ways to reduce APM’s discharge of organochlorines. APM could reduce its dependence on chlorine by substituting oxygen in one of two ways: a) To replace chlorine through oxygen pre-bleaching, APM would have to spend A$15 million in development and implantation. Oxygen pre-bleaching would reduce chlorine use by 50%. Pulp output at Maryvale would drop by 5% from 350,000 tonnes to 332,500 tonnes, but many engineers at the plant had expressed keen interest in learning about the technology. Pulp contribution at Maryvale was A$200 per tonne of pulp. Analysis of option (a)- b) Alternatively, APM could intensify the use of oxygen during bleaching, which would reduce the level of chlorine by 15% and cost approximately A$8 million. Pulp output would be unaffected. Analysis of option (b)-

The Strategic Direction For The Future Business Essay

The Strategic Direction For The Future Business Essay THE HONDA MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED has established in 24th September 1948. Honda has expansion to take a leading position in the field of motorcycle automobile and power product Japanese market was in the nuisance because of the shortage of money and fuel but JAPAN was still in require of basic transportation Honda utilise All rights booked. Honda manufacturing facility attract engine to a bicycle that create cheap and efficient method of transportation. HONDA HEAD OFFICE JAPAN In the global market the Honda is world largest engine manufacture and market leader in the motorcycle. Honda has been operating 120 manufacturing facility in 29 country and 167,234 people worldwide Honda has broaden whole over the world in the following market. Honda established in United States of America in 1959 by the name of American Honda motor company .inc. In Thailand 1964 Asian Honda motor company limited. The first market in the Europe in 1963 Honda (UK) limited recognized in the LONDON Honda found in the South America (BRAZIL SAO PAULO) in the 1971 by the name of Honda motor Brazil. By the late 1980 the only 25 year after the firm entered in the automobile industry. The key point of go in front the Hondas success is continuous innovation that was found by MR SOICHIRO HONDA had a great interest in automobile as basis today the Honda company stand as the 9th largest motor cycle manufacture in the world. The market share of the Honda until now 10.2 % and its ranked a no 5 in the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. In 2006 Honda aircraft company begins the sales of the in Honda jet advance light jet .in the 2006 the Honda aviation company awarded by popular science magazines the winner of the publications 2006 aviation and space category The Honda Philippines begins the mass production their motorcycle plant Honda established subsidiary in Ukraine. New automobile plant in the Vietnam begins operation (civic) and flexible car at Brazil launched the cold wing airbag the first man market motorcycle with an air bag system .new company to conduct solar cell business established. In 2007 Honda sales it is going to launch low price hybrid and advance diesel technological in the near future .they were also voted as number one car manufacture in the world for the third period . 1.2 CURRENT MARKET POSITION In 2007 the price of fuel was high and the less efficient (US) economy but Honda reported 1%sales increased while its competitor including Toyota has reported double loss. Honda sales grow approximately 20% in 2007 year. Honda Nissan and Toyota were still not safe to the global financial crisis of 2008 as these company declined in the profits at the Beijing auto show Honda presented the LI NIAN 5-door niche bank and announced that they were looking to developed an entry level brand exclusively for the Chinese market similar Toyota SCION brand in the USA PRINCIPAL PRODUCT AND FUNCTION OF EACH SEGMENT Segment Principal product and services Function Motorcycle business Motor cycle terrain vehicles and personal motor craft and vehicle Research and development manufacturing sales related service Automobile business Auto and relevant parts Research and development manufacturing sales related service Financial service business Financial insurance services Research and development manufacturing sales and related services Power product and other business Power products and relevant part and others Research and development manufacturing sales and related services others GEOGRAPHICAL REGION TOTAL REVENUE IN MILLIONS IN 2007 Japan  ¥68,190 North America  ¥5,980,876 Asia  ¥1283,154 Europe  ¥1236,757 Other  ¥905,163 EMPLOYEE WORLD WIDE IN HONDA In whole over the world Honda had 144.785 employee in 2006 this number has increased in 2007 and reached at 167,231 in the Honda group. In 2007 the sale of Honda grew 11.9 percent compared in 2006. In the foreign market the sales grew 7.7 percentages on automobile and 9.3 percentage on the power product. Because of the world recession motorcycle market of Honda in the North America, Europe or in the Asian market is not grew real. Honda operating data in the percentage according to the business portfolio in the 2007 Business Percentage Motorcycle 13.44 Automobile 78.46 Financial 4.01 Power product and other 4.09 1.3 STRATEGY APPLIED BY HONDA COMPANY THE GLOBAL STRATEGY As Honda is global company and Honda Company has broaden whole over the world in America, Europe or in the Asia. The strategy is to maintain the competent supply the extreme quality of the product at low price worldwide customer and satisfied them. However also improve their quality to develop more in product and launched into the global market and commitment for the future. CORPORATE STRATEGY The Honda Company is includes four business- motorcycles, automobile, power and the financial business. In 1963 the Honda becomes the leader with the characteristics like extreme fuel economy, best safety product and driving more contentment. Honda proves their self not in Japan and US but it has proved worldwide. Motor business was the first business of the Honda because of the special interest of the MR HONDA in the auto mobile. Honda has operated lucratively in 28 motorcycle plant in the 21 countries as well as RD operation in the US, INDIA, ITALY, CHINA, GERMANY and THAILAND. Then Honda becomes the more popular than ever. The first power product lunched in the 1953 and has prolonged portable generator, out board engines, power carrier. The power products are produced at 11 plants in the 9 different countries. Honda is stretched it to the robot industry with ASIMO and Honda has reached on the sky after launched Honda jet and also providing financial services worldwide to improve the sales. ASIMO BUSINESS STRATEGY Honda business strategy is to RD compete in the competitive automobile industry .Honda always focus on the quality of the product ,durability and environmental and social issues, low fuel efficiency than other automobile industry in the market in the. Honda continuously creative and innovative technical foundation, these all strategy leads Honda slowly in the US and Europe at time of oil rate flatution and the world recession but Honda keep their RD strategy that will benefits people as well as company in the future. The dealership of the Honda is also one the strength. The innovation and the efficient service supply, manufacturing and distribution system is also a source of success in the global market. ACCORDING TO HONDA ANNUAL REPORT 2007 Global auto sales by company Sale in percentage General motor 13 Ford motor 10 Volkes wagon 5 Nissan motor 15 Honda motor 5 Toyota 12 Other 40 The world automobile market is captured by Asian brands in the US market .threats to the US car maker is the growing TOYOTA ,HONDA and NISSAN that are threatening strategy to the GENERAL MOTOR the world current largest car maker. The Honda motor competitor of all time whole over the world TOYOTA MOTOR, NISSAN HYUNDAI .FORD VOLKES WAGON and GENERAL MOTOR. OPERATIONAL STRATEGY Honda operational strategy is to satisfy their customer worldwide by customer or also keeping the high level of transparency in the operational level they also follow the law and the regulation to perform better their operational strategy according to the country where they want to do business. The Honda strategy is to look future forecast. The Honda operates worldwide market with the 167234 employees and associate to produce their service to 23million customer annually worldwide. INDIVIDUAL STRATEGY The individual strategy of Honda Company is to sell with happiness, produce by happiness, and buy with the happiness. Sell with the happiness means to make good communication with their dealer and. Produce with the happiness means manufacturing and RD and produce quality product whole over the world for their customer. Buy with the happiness means associate with their customer expectation whole over the world. 2 CURRENT MARKET SITUATIONS BY MACRO ANALYSIS The macro analysis examines opportunities and threats that exist in the environment. Both opportunities and threats exist independently of the organization. The SWOT ANALYSIS differentiates between a strength and weakness from an opportunity and threat. PESTLE and Porters 5 Forces have been regarded as two effective tools they are also known as the macro factors. 2.1 PESTEL ANALYSIS OF HONDA P POLITICAL In the 1965 the US was engage with the Vietnam in war. American represents the Honda 50 modal in the south Asian market because of the bad economic condition modal 50 was not so much success is was declined in the market. In the 2005 the interest rates in the Indonesia were rise because of the government improbability it effect inflation and rising the price of the gasoline in 2006 the government strategy remain same but suddenly the economy of the India were boost on that time the demand of the motorcycle were high their and the easy business rule and the tax regulation lead Honda to India than Honda start making the profit that was one of the strength of the Honda. E ECONOMIC Honda become wider its business in whole over the world (North America, Europe, and Asia) because of the world recession Honda loss their consumer heavily the other factor also influence like rising the price of fuel declined the demand for the automobile , motorcycle, and the power product . Because of the recession and the fluctuating gas price in 2007 Honda unit sales declined 18.2% in the North America. S SOCIAL CULTURAL Honda has 167,134 employees worldwide Honda has improve the employment for the local community in the North America, Europe and in the Asia. Since the recession is entered in whole over the world Honda is innovative and introduce new product in the market less cost and the best quality than China manufacturers they also have done research and development on to produce or launch less pollution vehicles in whole over the world. T TECHNOLOGICAL Technology is vital for competitive advantage and is a most important driver of globalization. Honda has utilising the information technology to control their world wide operation. On the production process the Honda motor is innovated since they have started automobile business. Honda is innovated in the auto fit machine and mass production, distribution, reduces cost also save time. On the marketing process Honda advertise on the news paper, Magazine. With the help of the internet (IT) they have displayed their upcoming modal on the different web site or encourage people trading on line. L LEGAL The parameters set for a business by a governing body like the legal implications in terms of products and services to be sold out, in terms of rules and regulations imposed on employment by law etc .china manufacturer start making problem to Honda .the chins manufacturer start making the motorcycle in the southern Asia to defeat Honda the economic condition of the south Asia was not good because of the recession or oil price fluctuation .the people were not buying the Honda motor cycle at the same time chins manufacturer start making the motorcycle on the very less price than Honda, to overcome this situation Honda launched new modal VAVE in the market with less price and high quality. E ENVIRONMENTAL the environmental problem like global warming, hole on ozone layer because of the pollution. Honda continuously research on the less emit ion of CO2 toxic waste to develop hybrid and electronic vehicle. They have also generated and implement less pollution diesel engine. 2.2 PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Porters five forces analysis helps to contrast a competitive environment of the organisation its also shown in the diagram description are as following. Threat of new entrants now a days the business environment is very competitive in whole over the world .ford is continuously, aggressively committing with the Honda or producing barriers to make maximum profit for the Honda in the market. Honda has also getting the problem in the distribution system in the USA rather than FORD because of the US government law and policies. 2. Bargaining power of Buyers Buyers are the customer of Honda always take care of the expectation their customer, as Honda is global company so the Honda always keep innovating, developing, researching and launching new product for the different age group for instance Honda launched air blade scooter in the Vietnam in 2007 to attract young people but in the 2007 Suzuki has also launched modal of Hayete scooter with same function like air blade but price was less than air blade so the customer preferred to buy Hayete scooter modal of Suzuki result the share price of Honda were shrink. 3. Threat of substitute products Brands like Yamaha motorcycle company Yamaha can be the best competitor for the Honda. Yamaha is also pioneered in the business of the motorcycle manufacturing, if the Yamaha make good quality than the Honda for instance R6 modal of the Yamaha is close substitutes of the Honda modal F4 if the Yamaha innovative or improve the quality and decline the price than Honda it can be very serious problem for Honda. 4. Bargaining power of suppliers Contract, raw material suppliers, the volume of the raw material providers would determine their supply capacity, supplier are very powerful. Honda always influence on to produce less price vehicle than other motor company like general motor, ford motor to compete in the market .supplier are very power full they can refuse to do work with the or they can switch their supply or start doing work with GM motor or the ford motor, in case Honda loss their key supplier it might be affect cost it could go up. 5. Competitive rivalry Its the business competition in between other company in the market in the automobile industry Honda has three bigger rival Honda have to compete with them like general motor, ford motor, and Toyota motor. these three rival of Honda always keep innovation research and development on their modal time to time to compete in the market for instance Honda introduce ACCORD modal in1976,after that the Toyota introduce the modal CAMRY in the market. At the same time general motor introduce MALIBU and ford introduced FUSION. Toyota. General motor and ford motor can replace Honda from the market .Honda have to improve their quality and should be more innovate to compete. 2.3 SWOT ANALYSIS HONDA STRENGTHS Highly aware brand name and the company stand on the 9 position on global scale with the 167000 employee and the associate. Honda has made outstanding relations with their suppliers, stake holder or with customer worldwide developing the manufacturing technology. Differentiation from other company like Toyota, GM motor ford economically. Environmental conscious they have launched hybrid cars or less emit ion diesel engines.. Since they have been start automobile business Honda motor is Innovative, and doing research and development to satisfy the need of the customer. WEAKNESS The Honda is global company Image of the company is more of a cool kind and not professional some time they stress a lot on to produce a low price automobile Its not global, focuses mainly on the UNITED STATES or the Europe. Has only one main hub and limited destination to do to business OPPURTUNITIES Since they started the business in the automobile industry they highly Target the major continents (SOUTH ASIA, AMERICA, and EUROPE) Honda has opening more hubs in key geographical areas as business units in the Vietnam china and India. Sales promotions and marketing on the global scale through different websites and different business magazines. THREATS Changing the government policies taxation policies in different countries fuel rate fluctuation world economic recession. Threat from the big brand in the global market like (GENERAL MOTOR, FORD, TOYOTA. These all creates competitive environment in global market for Honda motor. The Global economic recession, fuel price fluctuation worldwide and natural disasters like tornado hurricane. 2.4 KEY DRIVERS High quality, low price more safety feature like airbag etc. Honda motor organizational environment is very professional, they innovative the supply chain and the distribution system and the manufacturing system is the core competency. Personal research on the customer need in the global market. They have separate department to handle the customer complaint and the customer issue. 2.5 CORE COMPETENCY The core competency of the Honda motor is to launch their product in the global market with low price than other automobile company in the global market. 2.6 ORGANISATIONS STRUCTURE Reference http//world,honda.com/profile /organisation/ The Honda have supervise their operation from the Japan in whole over the world like in the china, Asia oceanic, Europe Latin America north regional sales operates from the Japan As Honda is a global organisation, the stake holder is customer their employee, business individual company, trading union. The position of their stake holder is very strong worldwide. Board of the director primary duty is to select qualified employee and associated or the CEO to run their operation very smoothly worldwide. The working environment of the Honda corporation is very friendly, good communication with employee and board of the director. Honda has continuously coordinated with internal and external manpower in board of director and auditors to perform well in the market. The Honda Corporation operate their four basic operations in the automobile motorcycle and power product and service part. 2.7 SYNOPSIS OF THE HONDA/SUMMARY The following report looks after the macro analysis of an organisation, and considering all these factors gives us the understanding of SWOT analysis of the organisation pestel analysis porter five forces and key driver and core competency. Based on this marketing analysis, Mr sosichiro Honda the founder of the Honda motor because of his great interest in the automobile. He has made a big global organisation to serve their product in whole over the world including American continent Europe and Asia. Honda gives respect individually, every employee give them chance to grow up them self and initiate. Initiate means the company encourage people to be creative. Honda motor is also described as the all the three HAPPINESS. BUY WITH THE HAPPINESS, PRODUCE WITH HAPPINESS, SELL WITH THE HAPPINESS. Honda maintain his position in the global scale they have done innovation since they have started Honda motor in 1948 and the consistency in the in the operations, manufacturing and supply worldwide. in the term of the advertise to spread awareness about their product time to time on different web sites and news paper, different business magazines Key factor to survive or compete in the global market fulfil the demand of their customer and make happy their stake holders. Honda proudly focus on innovation 3 STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE The choices of the company is launched more innovated product in the global market less pollution. Since they have launched less emit ion diesel engine for the air craft and hybrid car for the safe environment. Now the Honda strategy is to explore the business in the market or India and china and north America (brazil) because these two countries economy is grooving very fast so buying power the consumer is very high .now they have already launched so many automobile in the Indian market like less price Honda unicorn 150 cc engine, Honda dio, Honda eterno scooter and to be more innovated to produce more economical vehicle less pollution better feature and more safety for their consumer. Or they also advertising of their new product launching on the different web site or in the different magazine their strategy is to make people fully aware about their new products in the global market. Honda also gives the environmental training for employee and associate or develop more technology t o become a global market leader. 3.1 LIMIT RANGE OF CHOICES FOR FUTURE 3.1.1 Based on the competitive strategy Honda is global organisation its spread around the world it stand on the 9th place in automobile industry there are some outstanding company in the world of automobile also spread around the world like Toyota .general motor, ford, mercerizes, these all motor has made the very competitive environment for business in front of the Honda motor. According to the analysis of the section one and two the position of the Honda motor in the global market is better than the other company in the market in 2007 the Honda motor is reported 1 percent of growth in the time of world recession or fuel rate fluctuation in whole over the world all company like General motor, ford or other automobile company record very heavy losses on their sale on the global scale but Honda motor is innovated since they start automobile business. 3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HONDA After look at all the analysis of the organisation Honda should have to do the smart work to become the global leader. Honda is global company. The board of director and the associate have to select right person for the right job like the hire good and educated people to perform the in the organisation and the director of the Honda motor should have to perform their duty to control the quality and to develop more technology to perform in the manufacturing process or in the distributing process The risk management system prevent and addressed the different kind of the risk in the company like fuel rate fluctuation, world economic recession Natural disaster and the risk manage department, should have full knowledge how to make our organisation more profitable in the global market or how to overcome by this kind of risk. The Honda motor has the potential to become truly global leader if they spread their units of two wheeler countries like Australia and some African country. The information on the execution of the business by director .the time to time auditing should be done by senior management to have control on the manufacturing process or in the distribution process. The Honda motor is doing good business in whole over the world they get the good profit margin at the time world economic recession however the other company like Toyota, GM motor and ford motor got heavy loss in the sale. Honda motor have to be more innovative developed their technology in the manufacturing and to be continuing with the research and development. 3.3 THE SUPPORT OF THE RECOMMENDATION As Honda is global automobile organisation on this level the customer expectation are will reach on the top the Honda have to jam-packed the demand of the customer in the global market. Honda has the potential to become the global leader in the automobile industry. In the some parts the Honda motor was not did well at the time of world economic recession because of the less potentiality of the employees to in the so many areas like information execution and analyse the risk in the market thats why i recommend to Honda motor should select write employee and the associate for write job to become global leader in this competitive environment. And the Honda did not have the potential to analysis risk like economic recession, fuel rate fluctuation how to overcome and make profit in the global market. After the whole analysis of the report of the Honda motors (executive the top management) information execution was not performing well and the distribution system. i find the Honda should ha ve take care of all these fact to become a innovative and the true automobile manufacturer in the global competitive market.

Ancient Egypt: Old, Middle, And New Kingdom :: History Egypt Essays

Outline I. Thesis: Ancient Egyptians were the basis for many western traditions. Their influences are notable in art, architecture, and religion. II. The Old Kingdom A. Zoser, the first pharaoh.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. built the famed Step Pyramid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. brought unity to Egypt B. Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. creation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. gods C. Art D. Downfall of the Old Kingdom III. The Middle Kingdom A. Pyramids B. Middle Kingdom religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Myth of Osiris   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Similarties between the myth of Osiris and Christian beliefs C. Middle Kingdom art D. Downfall of the Middle Kingdom IV. The New Kingdom A. Valley of the Kings B. Shift in religion 1. Aton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Akhenaton C. New art form, naturalistic D. Downfall of the New Kingdom V. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ancient Egyptians are considered among many to be the civilization upon which much of the western world's views and attitudes are based. Everything from religion, to architecture, to art has been handed down, generation by generation, to us in the present day. Although many of the ancient Egyptians' traditions have been modified or altered, the majority of their core principles remains constant. Yet, despite the ancient Egyptians' conservative nature, there were some changes within the infrastructure of their society. Throughout the ages known as the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom, there has been alterations to their religion, art, and architecture. Internal forces, as well as outside influences, have molded ancient Egyptian civilization. This paper will attempt to determine these forces which changed the Egyptians. Modifications of Egyptian life were subtle, but noticeable and significant nonetheless. Art, architecture, and religion will be the focus of this paper. Let us begin at the beginning, with the Old Kingdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Old Kingdom began in the year 2700 B.C. and ended 2200 B.C. The pharaohs, or kings, of this time include the third through the sixth dynasty, beginning with Djoser and ending with Pepi II. Djoser, who ruled from 2700 B.C. to 2650 B.C., changed his name to the more commonly known Zoser. It was Zoser who made the famed Step Pyramid, the first pyramid to be constructed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pyramids were erected for the pharaoh in the belief that it would serve as a stairway to the heavens, and allow the divine pharaoh to reach the Milky Way, or the Nile river in the sky. The pharaoh's afterlife was extremely dependent on a proper burial, as were the afterlives of those who served him; therefore, it was imperative that the pyramids be erected. These pyramids could not have been built through coercion or slavery, for such an architectural feat could only have been accomplished by a labor force of 70,000, and there is no possible way for a small group of rulers to force the people to labor day in and

religion :: essays research papers

St. Therese of Lisieux There are some people that find the great St. Teresa of Avila, the namesake of my Therese Martin, rather terrifying. When you get to know a little about her, she seems very charming and you begin to like her. Little Therese, on the other hand, has never been disliked and has never made anybody in the least afraid. She was characterized by a complete ordinariness and if it wasn’t for her being an exceptional person, she would be a â€Å"normal† woman. Nevertheless, her main significance lies in her spiritual doctrine, the method which she herself described as the â€Å"Little Way†. A large part of her appeal is that she made the astounding promise just before her death that she would spend her heaven doing good on earth, a promise which has been carried out by the performance of countless miracles, a good number of them miracles of grace. There are certain things about her that have to be overcome. One of these, which was not her fault, is her upbringing. The â€Å"saint of antimacassars† or â€Å"of the lace curtains† is one of the most astonishing of all the great saints. Therese’s â€Å"Little Way† of spirituality did not once permit her to have any ecstasies or visions. She made no prophecies. â€Å"She had nothing in the nature of a stigmata, nor did she wear any invisible ring, such as was put on the finger of St. Catherine of Siena." (Maynard, 290) Her life was so ordinary that when she lay dying, she heard two Sisters talking in the kitchen, saying that they wondered what the Reverend Mother would find to say about Therese went she sent out her obituary notices. Therese did experience the phenomenon of what is called second sight, but that is a known psychic symptom and has no necessary connection with holiness. If she was a mystic at all she belonged to that class which enjoys nothing more than union with God. The Martin family is known mainly for one thing: they all aimed at holiness. Therese’s father, Louis Martin, in 1847, when he was twenty-four traveled to the monastery of St. Bernard and applied for admission as a beginner. He was told that he did not know enough Latin, and was advised to return home and learn more before applying again. He went back to Alencon, his home town, and did study for a while, meanwhile carrying on his trade as a watchmaker.

Reading Moby-Dick as Ethnic Allegory Essay -- Moby Dick Melville Paper

Reading Moby-Dick as Ethnic Allegory At a time when images of the white settler conquering the "savage" frontier were prevalent in antebellum America, depictions of racial polarization and, alternately, co-existence among different ethnic groups had already begun to find expression in various artistic mediums, from painting to literature. Today more than ever, such works continue to elicit critical re-examinations where race relations, colonization, and literary representation are concerned. While many literary and cultural critics have proposed allegorical readings of political and religious natures, Herman Melville's Moby-Dick can also be read relatedly as an ethnic allegory, where particular scenes and images representing death or destruction illustrate Melville's uneasiness with how white expansionist attitudes are enacted often in tension with or at the expense of different ethnic peoples living within America's geographic borders. For these purposes, I would like specifically to examine Melville's rather unconvent ional portrayal of a non-white character such as Queequeg. The correlation between his anticipated and ultimate death and the calamitous demise of the Pequod , as a space which rearranges traditional structures of hierarchy and accomodates ethnic diversity, in the end, demonstrates Melville's indecisive anxiety between an imagined fantasy of an alternative social reality and the historical reality of American westward expansionism. First, allow me to be clear: At a simplified level, I call this an ethnic allegory because Moby-Dick both illustrates and confronts the ways in which "white" America expresses a desire for hegemonic control, symbolized in Ahab's ruthless quest for the white whale, at the same ti... ... Works Cited Berkhofer, Robert F. The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Present. New York: Vintage Books, 1979. Brodhead, Richard H. "Trying All Things: An Introduction to Moby-Dick. New Essays on Moby-Dick or, The Whale. ed. Richard H. Brodhead. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986. Duban, James. Melville's Major Fiction: Politics, Theology, and Imagination. Dekalb: Northern Illinois UP, 1983. McIntosh, James. "The Mariner's Multiple Quest." New Essays on Moby-Dick or, the Whale. ed. Richard H. Brodhead. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986. Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc., 1964. Yarborough, Richard. "Strategies of Black Characterization in Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Early Afro-American Novel." New Essays on Uncle Tom's Cabin. ed. Eric Sundquist. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986.

Health Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution could affect the climate, the environment, and human health.   Among these areas, the health is the main focus of this paper (Thomson Scientific, 2005).Polluted air may contain one or more hazardous substances that affect human health.   The term of measurement for this is â€Å"particulate matter† or the number of particles of potentially hazardous substances as percentage of air.This includes a wide range of pollutants.   Examples of particulate matter includes road dust, diesel soot, fly ash, wood smoke, nitrates in fertilizers, sulfate aerosols, lead, and arsenic to name a few.The suggested Federal limit of an â€Å"average† of 50 micrograms of â€Å"particulate matter† per cubic foot of air in one year period is considered poor air quality {Gore, 2005).Health effects of air pollution could be short-term or long-term. Effects will depend on the individual’s sensitivity.   When it comes to the extent of harm, it usually depends on the total exposure to damaging chemicals. Short-term effects may include simple symptoms such as headaches, nausea and allergic reactions.These symptoms could lead to irritation of the eyes, nose and throat.   There are also severe cases which could lead to upper respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis.   It may be short-term but the effects are severe and will need more medical attention.   Air pollutants also have long-term effects which include lung cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and heart disease.These effects could even damage the brain, nerves, liver or kidneys.   According to the National Resources Defense Council, some 64,000 people in the USA may be dying prematurely each year from cardiopulmonary causes linked to air pollution (Gore, 2005).The most affected people were the children, and the elderly.   In addition, people with health problems such as asthma, hearth disease also suffer more when air is polluted. In 1995 study by the American C ancer Society and Harvard Medical School, air pollution accounts for about 300,000 premature deaths in USA each year (Gore, 2005).Children are one of the most affected by air pollution because they have not yet fully developed their immune system.   Simple cigarette smoke and smoke coming from exhausts of motor vehicles could be detrimental to them.Researchers have reported in their long study that children teenagers in Southern California were likely to have diminished lung function because of severe air pollution.   The study made by James Gauderman of University of Southern California and his colleagues was published in New England Journal of Medicine on 1,759 children ages 10 to 18 in a dozen Southern California communities.The study was concluded that the reason for the diminishing lung function came primarily from car exhaust.   It was found out that 7.9 percent of the 18-year-olds in the highest pollution areas had lung capacities that were less than 80 percent of what they should have been.Among those subjected to the least-polluted air, 1.6 percent had underperforming lungs. It was also reported that there were similar effects when children live in the home of a mother who smokes.   Estimated was half a million die prematurely every year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes (Gore, 2004).Just like children, elderly and people with health problems are most at risk in polluted air.     As people grow older, they encounter more and more health problems which could be aggravated by air pollution.   The exact impact may not be thoroughly understood but long term exposure may increase susceptibility to infections.Also to be taken into account is the duration of the exposure and concentration of the particulate matter in the air.   It is estimated that polluted air shortened the lives by an average of one to two years. In the great â€Å"Smog Disaster† in London in 1952, four thousand people died in few days due to hig h concentrations of pollution (Gore, 2005).There are many steps made to protect human health against air pollution.   American Lung Association is very active and recommends the use of heat recovery ventilator or an energy recovery ventilator remove stale polluted air (Gore, 2005).A treaty called Kyoto Protocol in 1997 entered as part of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change made a great impact on reducing air pollution.   The treaty aims to reduce emission of dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide by industrialized countries which affects the health of their citizens. One measure adopted in the treaty to reduce harmful discharges is creation of carbon emission (CO) credits.Those who failed to observe the restriction will be ordered to install necessary equipment to reduce the air pollution under pain of severe financial sanction or buy (CO) credits.The credits are like ordinary commodities.   They could sell to it to companies that f ind it difficult to comply with the emission restriction.   If the market value of the (CO) credit is higher than the cost of pollution reduction equipment, they will be forced to comply thus, reducing the air pollution that affects human health.According to reports, these (CO) credits are now being traded in the exchanges of Chicago Climate Exchange in the US, European Climate Exchange in United Kingdom, Nord Pool in Norway and PowerNext in France. (Palabrica, 2007).ReferencesPalabrica, R. (2007). Trading on climate change, corporate securities info.Philippine Daily Inquirer.Thomson Scientific (2005). Air pollution. Retrieved September 7, 2007 fromESI Special Topics. Retrieved on September 7, 2007 from http://esi-topics.com/airpolGore, P. (2005). Air pollution health effects. Retrieved August 7, 2007 from http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/pollution-main.html

Positive Impact of Woman Labor in Economic Growth Essay

Labor one of the particularors of business and serves as the source of competitive favor of variant countries in attracting foreign investors. alongside with sweat is the concept of productiveness which is the largest undivided component of stinting crop particularly for those grind intensive countries. Therefore, govern manpowert of various countries around the globe a handle enough focus on maintaining the vestibular sense condition of their comprehend mart in lodge to achieve glorious economic growth. still with the advent of globalization, the demand for laborers lengthy up to such point wherein the labor market has to accommodate woman on the jackpot of labor. But why is that so? Are there any benefits that hobo be derived from hiring a woman on a certain business bulletproof? This paper aims to identify the effects of womans magnetise to labor pool to economic growth as hale as the factor/s that contributed in order for such event to arrive in the labo r market.Relationship of cleaning woman Labor and Economic Growth sexuality bias in labor fury is a large factor to near of the countries especially in the Middle easterly wherein the labor pool is still existence dominated by men and disagreement and injustices to women is very much accepted into their society. But there are still those braggart(a) countries that welcome the entrance of women to labor long suit. resembling for instance in UK, women serve as one of the source of high productiveness and economic growth (Walby, 2002). For the past decades, UK is relatively stable in scathe of market success due to the improvement of the skills of their labor force and women made a meaning(a) contribution for the attainment of such impressive productivity and high performance.The indications of women like cosmos keen to details and always ask to take their time in order to attain the highest possible fibre better the efficiency and effectivity of UKs labor force. F urthermore, though women are physically imperfect as compared to men, they are more procreative when it comes to making planning and strategies on how to influence various problems concerning the benefit of the company or a business firms. This distinct characteristic of women serves as an avenue towards the improvement of the accurate labor pool of UK for the past years. Moreover, it was place that deficit in the labor force in the UK market come throughd a agency for the market system to accept the entrance of women into the labor force despite of the fact that women have fewer educational qualifications than men but this draw back on women was already settled by the limn young women.Women straight offadays compete at par with men in terms of attaining higher positions in the corporate manhood as they start to attain higher academic degrees. With this increase on productivity of labor force in UK industries started to kick in more income and becomes more profitable. Mor eover, internal end product is deemed to boost by the time happy women entered the labor force of UK. In this regard, it is light-headed that the first appearance of women to labor force did provide positive impacts on the economic growth of the province.This insight do not show that men are already slight efficient as compared to women, the point is, with the entry of women in the labor pool, the efficiency and effectiveness of men is further improved by the women. But with regards to physical productivity, still, men are still the one who dominates in the state area. Moreover, with the entrance of women in the labor force, flexibleness of the labor pool improves since there were some(a) tasks that only women can perform or requires the experiences of a woman. As a result, the productivity of the labor forces increase and so with the sinless economy.At the end of the day, the entrance of women to labor force increases the volume of domestic proceeds as more laborers can n ow be hired by domestic and foreign firms as well as the improvement on the quality of the products existence produced in the economy due to the internal characteristics of women like their keen attention to details provides lesser rooms for mistakes or errors. Moreover, those increases in the domestic production and higher quality of products go forth make the GDP of the country to increase which in return will improve the economic and social welfare of every laborers in the market.ReferencesWalby, S. (2002). The Impact of Womens Position in the Labor securities industry on Pay and Implications for UK Productivity. Retrieved March 28, 2008, from http//www.womenandequalityunit.gov.uk/publications/weu_pay_and_productivity.pdf

Marketing theory and concepts Essay

Every c be wither its sm alone or big, aim to meet the demand of their actual and potential nodes. In order for them to do this, they need to fol humbled some sort of surmise and construct. This assignment will be looking at the securities indus translateing theory and tradeing concepts which be portray in the handed- smoothen commercialize literary productions, and how they throw away bound coat in guiding refined demarcation merchandise get along. selling plays a vital usage not only in developing, producing, and betraying products or services, but withal in guiding recruiting labors and rearing capital. Although it can be state that successful enterprisers get selling in unusual trends. They mainly intrust on interactive grocery storeing methods, which is often communicated with devise-of-mouth rather than a much traditional selling mix. Entrepreneurs monitor the groceryplace through at large(p) networks rather than formalised market research, and generally train more entrepreneurial approaches to merchandise activities. However, depending on the employment model, a complex and formalised initial market research can be crucial for a successful market entry.There are umteen marketing theories that are used in traditional marketing literature such as Schumpeter (1934) who said that entrepreneurs proactively created probability, using innovative combinations which often included productive destruction of passive or lethargic frugal markets.According to Schumpeter the role of an entrepreneur is to innovate, and by doing this, you ply the economy from one equilibrium to an new(prenominal). This kind of trigger could come about from one or more introduction of a new product a new method of production the development of a new market the use of new sources of keen material, and the reorganisation of a new attention or its processes. He also distinguished amid the entrepreneur and the capitalist. Schumpeter agreed wi th the fact, that in practice an innovator could also actually be a capitalist.Another k right awayn theorist next to Schumpeter is Kirzner (1973) who said that entrepreneurs should make water a sense of alertness to identify the opportunities in the market and exploit them accordingly . He states Thepure entrepreneur, on the other hand, proceeds by his alertness to fall and exploit situations in which he is able to sell for high charges that which he can buy for low prices. Pure entrepreneur profit is the difference between the two sets of prices. The disc overy of a profit opportunity means the discovery of something obtainable for nothing at all. No investment at all is essential the free ten-dollar bill is discovered to be already within one is grasps (Kirzner, 1973, 48).The marketing concept has changed significantly over time. In forthwiths melodic phrase earth the customer is at the forefront, not all communication channeles in the past followed this concept, as the y placed other factors first rather than their customers this is shown as followsProduction orientated was the focus of the actual business and not the customer needs, as where this has now changed and we can see that it is more focused on customer needs.Production predilection is when the confederacy believe that they have a tiptop product, based on quality and features. Due to this intellection the attach to assume the customers will like it to. In todays market the customers decide as to what product they like.Sales Orientation is the focus where the company strikes a product or provides a service, and past sells or offers it to the target market. This causes problems, as consumers may not like what is being offered to them, which is why companies are make sure that they test their services out, to a itsy-bitsy group of the target audience.Market Orientation concept has not actually changed over time, it puts the customers first, as the companies try to understand the n eeds of the customers by using get research methods. These methods are consequently developed to make sure information from customers, are fed sanction to the company for them to see what the target audience are interested in .SMEs who may adapt the marketing concept or 4Ps do so in full rather than explicitly (Carson and Gilmore, 2000). Jaworski and Kohli, (1990) also commented on the limitations of the marketing concept (p15). Therefore, theSME approach is characterized by networking with stake flipers ken to customer needs (Gilmore, Carson and Grant, 2001 & heap and Wright, 2001). Which is characterized by the size of these firms and their closeness to customers, (Gilmore, Carson, ODonnell and Cummins, 1999) as well as inexpensive forms of marketing such as word of mouth (Gilmore 1999). It is vital for SMEs to set the 4Ps, target a market and position themselves, but how this is done and mean is an important issue as it helps guiding a small business to success.Differences between traditional market literature and variants produced during the 1960s were mainly attributable to the add-on of concepts popularized during that decade. For example, Cundiff and Still covered an analysis of the 4 Ps of marketing with the concept that marketing is a subsystem of business. (Cundiff, E.W., Still, R.R. 1976)The canonic principles of marketing are generally applicable to large and small businesses. market in SMEs has been accept as a problematic area for researchers for over 20 years (Chaston and Mangles, 2002 Siu and Kirby, 1998). SME marketing in practice is considered to be mainly done though networking (Gilmore 2001) or a combination of transaction, relationship, interaction and network marketing (Brodie 1997). Recently the use of Internet marketing (Chaffey 2000) or e-commerce (Rayport and Jaworski, 2001) has become popular in all types of businesses including SMEs. trade in practice in small firms seem to rely mainly on personal encounter networks (Hil l and Wright, 2001 Gilmore 2001 Brodie 1997) and is often driven by the particular way a omnibus does business. According to Gilmore (2001) marketing in SMEs is likely to be chaotic, informal, loose, unstructured, spontaneous, and reactive and conform to industry norms. Gilmore (2001) showed that as a result of networking there was a high level of communication between the SME manager and their competitors then what is ordinarily reported in the marketing literature as well as competing firms may be quite supportive of each other.Similarly, networking with customers usually involves building a relationship with one or two key individuals in those companies. If these individuals were to leave then the relationship the company would break (Gilmore 2001). SME owners must agnise thatbuilding relationships are vital to a companys success and they invest a big amount of time and effort in maintaining impregnable relations with regular clients (Gilmore 2001). The foundation and existe nce of an sound networking is concerned with maximizing marketing opportunities and ensuring the enterprises survival and development (Gilmore 2001).Something, which is more important, in todays world, is having a foot in the business market, which is constantly changing to meet customer needs. The tables have been turned on the fortunes of many long-established firms. Its believed that a majority of firms that are in trouble, and those that have failed recently, have done so because they have been let down by their own marketing. Traditional marketing is now being turned. The ideas of marketing and branding strategy that passed for customary wisdom before do not hold true today. A small but growth number of innovative firms have adopted tout ensemble new and differentiate approaches in marketing, reflecting a vindicated and unmistakable change in the global culture.In this era of globalisation and the Internet the consumer is behaving in a radically different way and is no lon g-dated vulnerable to the overworked ploys of marketing. The present times call for a new competition one that strays from the prescriptions that traditional marketing theory holds, that sometimes works in a way that it is counter to it and that lays focus on network-building and twist the customer above all else. Many undergo hands in corporate boardrooms are listless to these shifting sands and evolving trends, and are paying the price as a result.In general the basic principles and concepts of marketing are as relevant to SMEs as it is to larger firms, but some theories, tools and techniques of marketing are not as relevant or effective to SMEs. The nature of SME marketing is the concept, which is mainly dominated by the inherent characteristics of the entrepreneur and the SME itself. Although not all small business may take the marketing theories and concepts in to consideration, while carrying out some sort of market research they will have come a across them. They may have limited application in todays marketing world but they do provide the basis for which a business can start their research on which helps guiding them in to the marketing practice. Therefore marketing theories and Conceptsportrayed in the traditional marketing literature has limited application in guiding small business marketing practice although they give the business a rough base to start their market practice.Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and LondonCarson, D. and A. Gilmore, (2000), marketing at the Interface Not What But How, Journal of selling Theory and Practice, Vol. 8Kohli, A. K. and B. J. Jaworski, (1990), The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications, Journal of Marketing,(Gilmore, Carson and Grant, 2001 &Hill and Wright, 2001). Gilmore, A., D. Carson and K. Grant (2001), SME Marketing in Practice, MarketingIntelligence and Planning, Vol. 19(Gilmore, Carson, ODonnell and Cummins, 1999) Added value A Qualit ativeAssessment of SME Marketing, Irish Marketing Review(Cundiff, E.W., Still, R.R. 1976), Fundamentals of Modern Marketing, 2nd ed.)Chaston, I and Mangles, T. (2002) lowly Business Marketing Management.Siu, W. and Kirby, D.A. (1998) Approaches to small firm marketing A Critique. European Journal of Marketing, vol. 32, no.Brodie, R.J., Coviello, N.E., Brookes, R.W. and Little, V. (1997) Towards a Paradigm Shiftin Marketing? An Examination of Current Marketing Practices. Journal of Marketing Management,Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., Johnston, K. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2000) Internet Marketing. Prentice Hall, Harlow, EnglandRayport, J. F. and Jaworski, B. J. (2001) e-Commerce. McGraw-Hill, Boston, USA.Hill, J. and Wright, L. T. (2001) A Qualitative Research Agenda for Small to Medium-sized Enterprises. Marketing Intelligence and Planning,http//www.druid.dk/uploads/tx_picturedb/ds1998-9.pdfhttps//www.mises.org/journals/scholar/wood.pdfhttp//knight.fcu.edu.tw/gunning/subjecti/workpape/kirz_e nt.pdfBooksHandbook of Entrepreneurship Research and Interdisciplinary peck and Introduction By Zoltan J Acs, David B